Imperialism was always seen as positive for Westerners, but as Essay

Imperialism was always seen as positive for Westerners, but as destructive by the peoples of Africa and Asia. To what extent does this statement appear to be true - Essay Example This was a major step by these countries in the west but to the subjects, i.e. Africa and Asia, this was a bad dream if not a nightmare. Africa was specifically chosen because in Africa, declining empires and wars among the locals left many states vulnerable. Furthermore, it would make available of the raw materials e.g. rubber and tin not locally available in the region and would also create a ready market for the goods. The force of European commerce, culture and power in Asia resulted to a rise to growing trade in goods/commodities that were a key development in modern world free market economy. The motives of this imperialism which were accomplished by the end of the 19th century were improving communications, medical advances, and military technologies. By 1860, Africa was still developing internally on its own terms. The dynamism and importance of Africa on the global continuum supports the theory that Africa would have evolved/developed and sustained level of advancement/devel opment and civilization without the contact with imperial forces. Also, many states had been weakened by slave trade1. On one hand, the imperialism was damaging as it led to large portions of Africa came under European colonial rule. When the imperialists saw how divided and uncivilized the local people were, they thought that with a little help they can easily conquer and rule the land. Another factor that enhanced their morale was the primitive weapons used by Africans and also they took advantage of the hospitality of the local people. This style is called ‘divide and rule . Westerners sought to fight African tribes among themselves which made it easier for them to take control and earn the ‘free’ land. Another damaging factor was famines that resulted in regions where farmers grew cash crops for export for imperialistic nations instead of food for local use. Indigenous people lost

Survey Sample Size Essay Example for Free

Survey Sample Size Essay This essay will have two parts one will discuss three different surveys and the second will be a survey that was performed by the author. The subjects of the surveys will be Entertainment, Political, and General. We will analyze the surveys that do not have the population that were surveyed. Introduction The entertainment survey will be a survey that was conducted by Universal UK, was conducted in the Britain, and is about the movies they have vivid memories pictures of in their mind. (Macnab, 2013) The Political survey was conducted by Gallup Wellbeing, is about older United States employees. (Ander, 2013) Number 3, the survey is from Gallup Wellbeing also and is about how female veterans rate their life. (Meyers Liu, 2013) Entertainment Survey Universal UK conducted this survey in order to decide which movies would sell the most if put on DVD’s. To describe the number of participants Macnab said, â€Å"The participants were people across Britain†, but no number is mentioned. (Macnab, 2013) Without the number of people surveyed, we cannot calculate if the participants were the correct amount. It was thought that the memory of the movies was considered as, â€Å"escapism†, but through the survey results, it was discovered that it was the reverse. As it showed the participants did not use the movies to escape life’s problems, but they were used to face them. (Macnab, 2013) It was as if the participants gained confidence during the viewing of the movie. Through doing the survey the company discovered the movies to use for DVD’s, and the ones that had an impact on changing people’s lives by giving them self-esteem and confidence . Confidence and raising self-esteem levels of the viewers helped some viewers improve their lives, which is why they remember the movie. . Political Survey The political survey researched Federal employees to compare the younger employees to the older employees and Federal Employees to Non-Federal employees. (Ander, 2013) The evaluation was to compare who thought; they used their strengths while on the job to do what they do best the most. (Ander, 2013) One hundred fifteen thousand (115,000) people participated which when divided in half (because there are both Federal Employees and Non-Federal Employees) gives us 57,500, which would not be an appropriate amount of participants per population. It is because of this class that this author can say the participants were not significant for the population. We have learned that the targeted survey group must be appropriate for the population results. If they researched this to the total population in the United States, the participating group should be at least 100,000 per group. This survey showed the results that the Federal employees who were 18-25 years old were the biggest percentage who said yes at 85.0%. (Ander, 2013) The Non-Federal employees results are participates 65 years and older were the biggest percentage who said, â€Å"Yes† at 86.0%. (Ander, 2013) This was unexpected because it was thought the older employees would have the higher percentage for both. The least satisfied for the Federal employees were the 65 years and older at a 77.4% and the least in the Non-Federal employees category were the 18-29 year old group at 82.1%. (Ander, 2013) This survey proved the Federal Government could help their older employees more and the Non-Federal employers could help their younger workers more. (Ander, 2013) General Survey The general survey is about female veterans of the U.S. military having a much better outlook on their lives then the Male veterans. The survey was composed of 353,561 Americans. (Meyers Liu, 2013) There were 48,690 respondents, which were affiliated with the military of the 353,561 participants. The results showed that female veterans rated their lives as, â€Å"thriving† were 54% while the male veterans at 44%. (Meyers Liu, 2013) The researchers say one of the reasons for the 10% gap is due to the optimistic view of females compared to the males. Based on the total sample of national adults, the researchers comment that they can say with 95% confidence that the margin of error is  ± 1 percentage points. (Meyers Liu, 2013) The sample size for this survey was appropriate for the population. Overview The first survey did not mention any numbers as for the survey size or the population, so there is no way to tell if the survey size is appropriate for the population. The second survey did mention 115,000-survey size, which is divided in half because there are two groups. This gives us a 57,500-survey size per group for the population. Using the population of the United States, we should have a 100,000 per group at the minimum. The third survey of the veteran females’ life satisfaction is the only one that has the correct amount of survey size. This survey size is353,561 of the population of military affiliates, which is a proper size per population. Application: Copy of Survey Application: Results Chart 1 This chart show the ages of the participants, the 35-44 age categories has the most participants, which is 30% of the total 20 people. The lowest percentages of participants are the two categories of 18-24 and 65-74 with a percentage of 10%. The people ages 35-44 are the largest group of people to watch the movie. Application: Results Chart 2 15%,30%,20%,35% This chart shows the number of participants that read the number of books 1, 2, 3 and the series of 4 books. As you can see, the participants that read the series are 7, and are the highest in percent’s also at 35%. This means that most of them read the series. The least of the participants (3) read only the first book at a percentage of 15%. . Application: Results Chart 3 50% of the participants thought the movie was only somewhat close to the book. 30% thought the movie was not Application: Surveys and Business The survey above could tell the movie directors that they should make the rest of the series closer to the books. The participants seem to think they could have made the movie more like the books. There was a lot of story line missing of which some was important to the story to be complete. Some of the participants said they were very disappointed, because for the books to be so good and the movie to be so bad there had to be something somewhere that missed the whole story’s meaning. Conclusion In conclusion, we have studied various surveys showing how some have not had a survey group that was the correct size for the population. In order for the data to be accurate, the researcher must have the proper sized survey group for the population they are researching. Statistics cannot be correct if the data is off.

Self-managed Learning Approaches and Life-long Learning

Self-managed Learning Approaches and Life-long Learning There are many learning methods to choose from. One of them best understanding techniques regarding particular and professional living development are Self-managed learning approaches and Life-long learning approaches (LLL). The following we are considering the evaluation connected with Self-managed understanding. Evaluation of Self-manage learning approach: Before coming into the profession arena, people really should bring the decent extent connected with self-confidence which often retains them inspired for their work. Self-managed understanding techniques play a big turn in creating this self-confidence inside of. As soon as people recognize what they may be skilled at, that they start giving more time on that will sector. SML aids the staff throughout figuring out their particular know-how areas and motivate these to variety their particular vocation on it. Diligence originates on the stream as soon as an individual loves his/her career. The actual planned method throughout SML aids staff to be able to plot their particular understanding using methods and that they also must focus much more on future needs at the. Gary the gadget guy. Most advanced technology. The actual employees should be able to face fluctuations inside group at the. Gary the gadget guy. When a fresh new goods and services is actually announced. With this method the employees should come to recognise their particular responsibilities and theyre going to place their particular effort much more outstandingly and very well. The actual syllabus cost-free method specifies that the employees perform acquire expertise by the basics and dreams of the contemporaries plus the group alone. Task 1.2 Ways to encourage lifelong learning of the employees: A informing in order to we now have many methods lifelong understanding on the staff throughout professional and particular living may be encouraged. Lets look into a few methods to encourage lifelong understanding on the staff throughout professional living: The staff should be required services and conferences to create these individuals adapted while using the completely new devices or technologies which are on make use of by the corporation. The administrators really should talk to the staff to evaluate whenever they are content with their particular career of course, if they may be in your head organized for it. The organizations can offer the college cost to be able to the employees that dont even have a qualification. The staff may be made available cost-free document trainings. Lets look into a few methods to encourage lifelong understanding on the staff throughout particular living: The staff may be given responsibilities to try and do like a collection. They can study on one another and understand a few truths throughout completely new approaches. Its the managers career to keep the employees motivated on the work. The actual employees may be called or short job interviews or individual instruction using administrators to be able to stimulate these individuals. Particular understanding is dependent upon men and women. It depends on each and every staff members the amount they may understand from co employees or administrators. Task 1.3 Benefits of self-managed learning: SLM method could be the best understanding for just about any member of staff to build up his vocation like a corporation particular person. On any work industries, self-confidence are needed to grow up that has a very good standing. Self-managed understanding provides a workforce that wills self-confidence. Simply because by way of self-managed understanding staff learn largely off their activities. These people get to know what they may be proficient at, whereby they are able to give their full capacity effectiveness. Its very important regarding the two members of staff and corporation that the individual member of staff is actually given responsibilities throughout his/her know-how spot. The actual staffs also need to enjoy their particular career in the event they want to give their particular 100 % initiatives inside. Via Self-managed understanding staff study on their particular colleagues, their particular administrators. Supervisors act as mentoring employees in this particu lar process. These people discuss with the member of staff what they may be experiencing regarding their particular responsibilities. The actual staffs in addition receive possibility to give their particular reviews regarding any completely new technologies or merchandise the organization has ended proceeding. SML always gains the two workers plus the corporation. It provides the organization that has an assured band of workers that know about their particular ability. The corporation in addition extends to recognize how efficient his workers may be at different responsibilities. Task 2.1 Required skills and competencies required for customer assistants: One of the buyer assistants a few expertises are essential prior to the organizational objectives and professional expectations. Interpersonal Communication Skill: Fantastic public conversation proficiency is required. Conversation proficiency is defined as split in to a couple expertises. Therere: O Speaking skill: A fantastic communicating proficiency is required one of many buyer assistants to be able to get in touch with the customers can use along with other employees. Most people hold the same trouble them to be not able to explain truth such method that will everybody knows. Buyer Assistants ought to be detailed and understandable for your clients. o Listening Skill: Jamming proficiency isnt going to specify only listening; whats more, it signifies comprehending what is being said. Buyer asset really should have a very good listening proficiency. They ought to determine what the customers can use say or requesting at the first illustration. Managing Skill: Buyer assistants also have to handle different situations time and energy to time period. These people should be able to handle those people situations easily and success. Thats the reason the humble taking care of proficiency is required. Adaptability: Day-to-day new products and technologies are now being used at each and every group. Buyer asset really should can adapt these individuals throughout extremely quick time period. Oahu is the versatility which often specifies the core power on the employees. Task 2.2 Possible development needs for the same category of workers: Youll find always a few areas to develop. The actual workers inside same class may have a few development needs. Lets look into the feasible development needs for your same class of workers plus the actions forced to fulfil these individuals: Intercommunication Skill: The actual intercommunication proficiency between your same class workers may be developed. It is very needed for same collection staff member to know one another to run the job movement. They should be very clear with each other. Adaptability: Similar class workers really should adapt the job model and movement of each and every additional right away. A same undertaking can involve a number of workers and machines. The actual workers on the same collection should be aware the fact that machines function and should adapt while using the completely new technologies. Commitment: The actual workers ought to be dedicated to look at their full capacity that can help one another at work. For that corporation to develop it is crucial that the employees are very helpful together. Task 2.3 Development opportunities and the activities required to meet them: I have already been touching John final a few times and weve talked about the development opportunities regarding your ex along with other individual employees. Many of us, jointly, are building a particular development strategy (PDP) regarding your ex. They have also been functioning at Tesco score in the community connected with Structure Hamlet like a buyer asset regarding final 8 a few months. Via an extensive conversation weve determined from which industries John believes youll find chance for your ex to develop. Therere: Managing different situation: John senses a bit apprehensive at times as soon as hes got to handle unpredicted situations. He senses that they arent able to face those people situations. Sometimes the retailer manager has got to can be found in entrance to manage those people situations regarding your ex. John believes in the event he or she and his colleagues get some good much more trainings regarding the way to handle these kind of weird situation, that will deliver the self-confidence in that person. Listening Skill: The customers are from different track record using different feature. John senses at times hes got a tough time comprehending what a few clients are requesting. He believes he or she needs to perform increasingly more listening training to be able to different features. The actual SML method may help at this time. He believes he can improve the listening proficiency through conversing with people connected with different feature as soon as he could be outside. Speaking Skill: John doesnt really feel any deficiency connected with communicating expertise throughout your ex. Although he or she believes in the event he can learn a little bit of basic words from additional favourite languages throughout Liverpool, he can guide the customers can use much more. He believes this proficiency may be greater possibly by the group giving them short phrase list to examine or through themself trying to learn from the people because acquiring a few enjoyable time period together as soon as he could be going out inside recreation area or sites prefer that. Task 2.4 The problems take into consideration although creating the right and professional development strategy is actually discovered and discussed down below: First problem, Just about all individual employees should be straightforward using themselves. They have to make clear their particular lacking and try and work on those people. Identifying the needs plus the objectives inside group work sector at the. Gary the gadget guy. Require connected with experienced and professional staff, enhance throughout markets, sources for example personal computers and so forth. Supervisors from all business units really should guide seeking the objectives and explain these to the employees. Finding out there the additional staffs experience and expertise to meet up with the needs connected with administration crew. Its very important to prepare Conferences, Classes, and trainings to further improve up the expertise. Another fantastic problem could be the development charge; the proportion which the staff are establishing. It could be obtained with development appointments where by different responsibilities and time period schedule on their behalf may be given. Personnel can recognize how considerably they have moved on through considering the concluded responsibilities. Finally, the actual staff should be sensible regarding their particular given responsibilities. They have to become decided to meet up with the administration needs and their particular development needs. Task 3.1 Discuss the processes and activities required to implement the development plan: Talking over jointly we and John possess made a list of procedures and actions which often are necessary to implement the development strategy. Therere: Finding a target time frame: Its very important to be able to begin a time frame when the implementation on the strategy ought to be occurring. Assessing the skills, abilities, and knowledge: One more critical process and exercise would be to measure the expertise, abilities and knowledge of individual employees just like John. For instance, John is designed for some type of computer perfectly and theres certainly one of his colleague that is not that considerably very good using computer. In the event that equally are called to try and do the same undertaking on computer their particular timeframe to try and do the job arent going to be same. Learning Strategies: The actual employees ought to be given responsibilities because collection and encouraged to look at SML because their particular understanding method. In this manner they will adapt the revolutionary understanding right away. Learning Resources: Understanding sources may be textbooks, education paperwork, computer and so forth. The staff should be effective adequate make use of the sources to arrange to be able to implement the development strategy. Getting feedbacks: Feedbacks are a powerful way to assess the advancement on the member of staff. Its very important to judge the blueprint and function a bit customer survey to get the effectiveness on the staff above the idea. Task 3.2 Undertake and document development activities as planned The actual Prepared development actions are because stick to: Training the employees: The actual staffs are educated using a task dependent work and punctually time frame. With the education they have discovered completely new techniques and using the sources they have discovered to be able to adapt to the revolutionary thoughts quickly. Organizing the study groups: The actual staffs are split in to research communities. The actual staffs doing work in the same sector is in the same collection so they can work on their particular professional areas jointly. Mentoring and Supervising: The actual staff are mentored and administered by the administrators plus the brand administrators. Theyve kept very good face for the staff to determine their particular advancement on their own so when friends. Consultation: Soon after each and every collection undertaking is performed the staff receive discussion off their brand administrators regarding their particular effectiveness and what they have to perform enhance their particular pace and accuracy. Task 3.3 Critically assessing the staff learning against original aims and objectives set in the development plan: Self-managed understanding, by way of my personal look at, provides each staff members a particular knowledge about what the organization needs from them. These people get to know what this company is actually low in for example experienced workers. Via subscribing to the collection instruction it assists these individuals comprehending the revolutionary approaches running a business and so they receive adapt to these individuals very easily. Via this technique in addition, they can study on their particular colleagues. Thus, the idea provides these individuals the liability to master just about every 2nd. Additionally they provide the option implement their particular thoughts talking about while using the brand administrators through the discussion sessions. The most beneficial section of this understanding method is actually that they dont have to research textbooks; they are able to study on individuals all over these individuals. Thus, in my look at Self-managed understanding is often an effective way to build up the staff for his or her particular and professional living. Task 3.4 Suitability of updating the PDP: The actual feedbacks and in-progress evaluation provided by the administrators and brand administrators ought to be consumed very critically plus the PDP connected with John along with other men and women ought to be up-to-date on the basis of those people feedbacks and evaluation. The actual feedbacks and testimonials demonstrate the industries where by John needs to receive developed and additionally, there are reviews regarding his powerful proficiency industries too. With the feedbacks, John is actually lacking is actually conversation and versatility. Thus, right now John is aware what he or she needs to work on increasingly more. He should enhance his conversation proficiency and look at getting effortless while using the completely new technologies. Increasing the versatility may very well be a tough undertaking regarding your ex nevertheless he can in addition have the feedbacks from his brand manager after having a certain time period. Thus, it is quite ideal to be able to update the PDP connected with John based on the feedbacks and in-progress testimonials hes got acquired. He needs to place initiatives to have better feedbacks when. Will help you your ex getting increasingly experienced and it will likewise guide your ex getting special offers. Task 4.1 Solutions to work-based problems: Through the PDP I bought a few work dependent difficulties for example regarding a short time My partner and I has been experiencing bored stiff doing the regime dependent is effective each day. Thus, My partner and I wanted my personal brand manager give us some more accountabilities. This extra some more responsibilities in my career. Id to be effective harder. Although my partner and I have been pleased with the idea considering that the monotony has been absent from us. The following trouble my partner and I has been going through has been communicating while using the guy people connected with my personal collection. The actual people were from different generation. My partner and I tried wasting a bit more time period while using the folk people. Which helped us a whole lot getting together with these individuals? One more trouble I bought has been certainly one of my personal collection associate has been very poor using computer expertise. Once we were given responsibilities related to computer many of us were concluding later. My partner and I made available your ex to present your ex a few lessons on computer proficiency within just my personal expertise. He gladly contracted and within just a short while he or she developed a whole lot. These are generally many of the difficulties my partner and I experienced in the course of PDP and my partner and I could resolve these individuals at the same time. Task 4.2 There are various styles of communication e.g. verbal, non-verbal, preverbal etc. But in order to communicate with various levels at work I think assertive communication style is the best one. The typical Supervisors can get in touch with the administrators by way of this way giving completely new directions and also demonstrating regard for them. The actual administrators can provide orders on the buyer assistants along with other staff throughout aggressive way. Via this way the minds on the group can get in touch with the lowest most respected member of staff on the group. Every person can learn every time completely new merchandise is going to be released. Just about every employee really feels their particular significance inside corporation. This hard drives these to work harder. There are many much more communications variations used through the work for example sign language. Although those people are simply just through the is effective. In order to get in touch with different stage, I do think aggressive conversation method is the foremost a single. Task 4.3 Time Management: Occasion administration is often a tough undertaking. This ought to be done by having a prepared way. While I have already been given the duty to stay demand on the brand for your 7 days, Ive got to handle my personal work time period. Ive got to become very frugal although picking out my personal transfer time period. Ive got to direct from the entrance through the busiest time period on the time. Let me also have to handle some time schedule to offer the employees a superb frugal work shifts to be effective alongside one another. As I was the brand manager for your 7 days, I want to seek the advice of the revolutionary employees to evaluate right now there effectiveness and My partner and I in addition really should mix up the time period schedule to present these individuals a way to work with more experienced and effective employees. The actual work-loads, my partner and I should try to portion throughout a smart way that the experienced workers are working for the most difficult responsibilities plus the additional workers understand from them.

Alcohol Abuse Essay -- Diseases, Disorders

Alcohol is the most commonly used drug in the United States. Although the consumption of alcohol by itself is not a social problem, the continuous and excessive use of alcohol can become problematic. There are four symptoms associated with alcohol dependence which are craving, loss of control, physical dependence, and tolerance. 17.6 million People, or one in every 12 adults, suffer from alcohol abuse or dependence along with several million more who engage in risky, binge drinking patterns that could lead to alcohol problems. (National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, n.d.) The United States has banned drugs such as heroin, LSD, and marijuana in the United States because they claim that these drugs dangerous and that these drugs have no medical purpose. Should the United States ban the sale of alcohol? Why would people put something poisonous inside their body that would cause bodily harm? Everyday people do that when they consume alcohol. Alcohol can have long lasting effects that can lead to serious health complications later in life. Studies have shown that long-term alcohol abuse produces serious, harmful effects on a variety of the body's organ systems. Parts of the human body most affected include the liver and the immune, cardiovascular, and skeletal systems. (Alcohol Research & Health Winter 2000) Heavy alcohol use is the leading cause of illness and death from liver disease in the United States. Deaths from chronic liver disease are among 4 times higher among Native Americans and Alaska Natives than among the rest of the U.S. population. Alcoholism is a not a curable disease but it can be treated. There are several different ways to treat Alcoholism. Relapse prevention uses methods for recognizing problem... ...nts. Those suffering from PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder) were more likely to be associated with alcohol than those who do not appear to have any symptoms. Works Cited National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence. (n.d.). Learn about alcohol. Retrieved from http://www.ncadd.org/index.php/learn-about-alcohol/faqsfacts "Medical Consequences of Alcohol Abuse." Alcohol Research & Health Winter 2000: 27. Academic OneFile. Web. 31 Mar. 2012. Edward M. Brecher, E. O. C. R. M. (n.d.). Should alcohol be prohibited?. Retrieved from http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/library/studies/cu/cu32.html Dryden-Edwards, R. (n.d.). Alcohol abuse and alcoholism. Retrieved from http://www.medicinenet.com/alcohol_abuse_and_alcoholism/page6.htm National center for ptsd. (2011, December 20). Retrieved from http://www.ptsd.va.gov/public/pages/ptsd-alcohol-use.asp

Ethical behavior principle Essay

The behavior of each and every person is control by moral and the guiding principles. This is normally portrayed in our daily usual acts, and hence shaping of our ethical behavior is critical in the making sound decision and upholds the trust of the public. A successful business is only possible if there is a strong and profound held value. Most companies will set up strategy of coming up with the required values in order to attract their prospective clients, manage their workers, and attained the expected development of the company. The guiding principles of ethical behaviors which these companies will struggle to uphold are based on the values. According to American Psychological Association, (1953) these values include beneficence and nonmaleficence, fidelity and responsibility, integrity, justice, respects for people’s rights, and dignity. Coordination and active participation of the workers will be of great importance in attracting the attention of the clients. In any organization, leaders will continually strive to ensure that their company achieved its standard. Their main aim is to make sure that the rights of the employees are taken care of, and that the company in general performs well at all cost. In order to achieve this, their actions will be guided by the ethical values which will assist them in the decision making processes (Leal, 1998).

What makes america so unique essays

What makes america so unique essays What makes America so unique? Very few Americans know just how different we really are, and even fewer know why we are unique. When compared with the rest of the world, Americas social structure, political power, and the acceptance of religious freedom are vastly different than other countries. For example; when America had its Revolution, we had no turn over of power or switching of governments, whereas the great revolutions in England, France, and China all had major changes in power. Americas unique culture began with the desire for spiritual freedom and the ability to prosper in the New World. The majority of immigrants coming to the new world brought with them the 17th century heritage of a middle class Englishmen. The English immigrants were very religious and were looking for a place where they could support the natural rights of man, a representative government, and where there were constitutional limitations. In England these beliefs went against the teachings of the church, the monarchy and the aristocracies, this is what sparked the beginning of the English revolution. But in America these exact ideas and values are what has made us into what we are today, they united our country and they are what are modern day constitution is molded after. Americans came with hopes of establishing a better Nation without the restraints of the Monarchy and the Upper Class. But why did these concepts work in America and not in England? The English settlers had the unique privilege to start over on a fresh sheet of paper. America did not have an established social class or a church with sufficient power to rule the country. There was no peasantry in America nor were there any upper class citizens to look down upon everyone else. In America everyone was equal. In 1782 J. Hector St. John Crevecoeur said It is not composed, as in Europe, of great lords who possess every thing, and of a heard of people wh...

Civil War Battles by State

Civil War Battles by State Following is a list of civil war battles organized by the states in which they occurred. Included in this list are all the major battle and many of the minor battles for each state. Each battle leads to a summary and further information. Alabama Battle of AthensBattle of Fort BlakelyBattle of Mobile BayBattle of SelmaBattle of Spanish Fort Arkansas Battle of Bayou FourcheBattle of HelenaBattle of Pea Ridge Battle of Prairie DAneBattle of Prairie Grove Colorado Battle of Sand Creek District of Columbia Battle of Fort Stevens Florida Battle of Olustee Georgia Battle of AllatoonaBattle of AtlantaBattle of ChickamaugaBattle of Ezra ChurchBattle of Fort McAllister IBattle of Fort McAllister IIBattle of Fort PulaskiBattle of GriswoldvilleBattle of JonesboroughBattle of Kennesaw MountainBattle of MariettaBattle of Peachtree CreekBattle of Ringgold Gap Kentucky Battle of Mill SpringsBattle of MunfordvilleBattle of PerryvilleBattle of Richmond Louisiana Battle of Baton RougeBattle of Fort De RussyBattle of Forts Jackson St. PhillipBattle of MansfieldBattle of New OrleansBattle of Pleasant HillBattle of Port Hudson Maryland Battle of AntietamBattle of MonocacyBattle of South Mountain Mississippi Battle of Big Black River BridgeBattle of Brices Cross RoadsBattle of Champion HillBattle of Chickasaw BayouBattle of Corinth IBattle of Corinth IIBattle of JacksonBattle of OkolonaBattle of Port GibsonBattle of TupeloSiege of Vicksburg Missouri Battle of Byrams FordBattle of Fort DavidsonBattle of New Madrid - Island Number 10Battle of NewtoniaBattle of WestportBattle of Wilsons Creek New Mexico Battle of Glorieta PassBattle of Valverde North Carolina Battle of BentonvilleBattle of Fort Fisher Battle of New BerneBattle of Roanoke Island Oklahoma Battle of ChustenahlahBattle of Honey Springs Pennsylvania Battle of Gettysburg South Carolina Battle of Charleston HarborBattle of Fort SumterBattle of Second Battle of Fort SumterBattle of Fort Wagner - Morris IslandBattle of Secessionville Tennessee Battle of ChattanoogaBattle of Fort DonelsonBattle of Fort HenryBattle of Fort PillowBattle of Fort SandersBattle of FranklinBattle of JohnsonvilleBattle of MemphisBattle of NashvilleBattle of ShilohBattle of Spring HillBattle of Battle of Stones RiverBattle of Battle of Wauhatchie Texas Battle of Battle of GalvestonBattle of Battle of Sabine Pass II Virginia Battle of Appomattox CourthouseBattle of Appomattox StationBattle of Balls BluffBattle of Beaver Dam CreekBattle of Boydton Plank RoadBattle of Brandy StationBattle of Bristoe StationBattle of Cedar CreekBattle of Cedar MountainBattle of Chaffins Farmsee also New Market Heights)Battle of ChancellorsvilleBattle of ChantillyBattle of Battle of Cold HarborBattle of Battle of CraterBattle of Battle of Cross KeysBattle of Battle of Deep Bottom IIBattle of Battle of Drewrys BluffBattle of Battle of Fishers HillBattle of Battle of Five Forks Battle of Battle of Fort StedmanBattle of FredericksburgBattle of Battle of Fredericksburg IIBattle of Battle of Gaines Mill Battle of Battle of Glendale Battle of Battle of Globe Tavern Battle of Battle of Hampton RoadsBattle of Battle of Hatchers RunBattle of Battle of Jerusalem Plank RoadBattle of Battle of Kernstown I Battle of Battle of Kernstown IIBattle of Battle of LynchburgBattle of Battle of Malvern HillBattle of First Battle of Bull Run (Mana ssas I) Battle of Second Battle of Bull Run (Manassas II)Battle of Battle of Manassas Station OperationsBattle of Battle of Mine RunBattle of Battle of New MarketBattle of Battle of North AnnaBattle of Battle of OpequonBattle of Battle of Peebles FarmBattle of Battle of PetersburgBattle of Battle of Petersburg IIIBattle of Battle of PiedmontBattle of Battle of Port RepublicBattle of Battle of Proctors CreekBattle of Battle of Rappahannock Station IIBattle of Spotsylvania Court House

POW essays

POW essays In a striking study of life at Union POW camps during the Civil War, Philip Burnham creates little doubt that the Union was as brutal as the Confederacy. Burnham uses the collection of memoirs made by two separate Confederate prisoners held captive in northern camps to illustrate the harsh conditions that existed during the span of the war. Anthony M. Keiley provides a bulk of the inside information used by Philip Burnham. Keiley, a lawyer and newspaper editor prior to the war provides well written analyses of the camps in the northern states. Keiley creates a few relationships with the higher-ups at his internment camp, which ensured that his treatment was a little nicer than some of the others in at Elmira prison. With a slightly contrasting view, another prisoners outlook on the camps comes from one who did not in anyway attempt to get on the good side of his captors. The man that provided this view was John King of the 25th Virginia Infantry. Both Keiley and King provide the details of lifestyles in the camps. With information given from people that were receiving first-hand experience, the sources are very reliable. Burnham relays the descriptions of how the men were tortured, what the rations were like, and how the prisoners passed the time. They stood motionless and gazed into one anothers haggard faces with despairing eyes. There was no need to talk, as all topics of conversation had long since been exhausted. (52) With so much time and so little to do, the men resorted to nothing. A sad truth that compels the reader to understand the torturous affect this environment had on its inhabitants. Perhaps one the most recognized camps during the Civil War is the camp in Andersonville, Georgia. The accounts of prisoners held at Andersonville make one of the strongest implications that this was a war that was not so civil. The history of the prisoners at Andersonville is so bleak that the...

Philosophy As The Origin Of Every Sort Of Knowledge Term Paper

Philosophy As The Origin Of Every Sort Of Knowledge - Term Paper Example Philosophy is the origin of every sort of knowledge even though we have different streams of knowledge at present like, arts, sciences, mathematics etc. In order to give respect to philosophy, even now a doctoral student gets the degree of doctor of philosophy even if he has completed his doctoral studies in other subjects like physics, chemistry or history. Earlier, it was the philosophers who interpreted various things happening around them to the world. For example, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Descartes were some of the prominent philosophers of ancient time who succeeded in educating the people about the various natural and unnatural things happening around them. This paper tries to answer questions like; Is philosophy practical? Can we ever really know anything? Is there ultimately objectivity to ethics? Is happiness really possible in our world? Is there, after all a god? What is the good life? etc. Many people feel philosophy is remote from human life because it deals with lon g time spans, immense areas of space, and matters which cannot always be perceived by the senses. A philosophy which meets the needs of men will both reflect the structure of nature accurately and apply to man's everyday experience. In order for such ideas to be helpful practically, they must descend from the realms of theoretical debate to become an intimate part of the person himself. They must be absorbed into the whole person rather than being, like a fact about the migration of birds, stored away in some corner of the brain (Is philosophy practical?)... Philosophy is all about asking questions and finding answers. It is difficult to get 100% correct answers to all the questions asked. Questions which get 100% correct or absolute answers can be put under the label of practical philosophy. For example, we know currently that earth is rotating around the sun and that is why day and night occurs. In other words rotation of earth is proved beyond doubt and hence we can put it under the practical philosophy label. However, we do not know what happens to our soul after our death. Religions have different teachings about the future of soul based on certain beliefs. It is difficult to put this topic under practical philosophy label. In short, philosophy can sometimes practical and sometimes impractical. Can we ever really know anything? What we know about this universe is much lesser than what we do not know about this world. Even scientific principles are undergoing changes at time passes. For example, earlier we assumed that sun is moving while earth remains stationary, later we concluded that the earth is moving and the sun remains stationery. According to the latest scientific principles, both earth and the sun are moving and we do not feel the movement of sun because of the huge size of sun compared to earth. Same way earlier, we thought that electricity is the flow of protons and we represent the direction electricity from anode to cathode or from positive terminal to the negative terminal. Later we realize that electricity is nothing but flow electrons and it is impossible for electrons to flow from anode to cathode. In short, scientific principles are undergoing changes periodically and it is foolishness to assume that we know something about

Human Resource Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Human Resource Management - Assignment Example Employees have started relating their career success in terms of their upward mobility in the organization. The major vehicle for climbing up the ladder is the promotional system of the organization. The study would mainly focus on promotional decisions of the organization and present different facets of promotional system in the companies. Stumpf and London (1981) had developed a representation that included the influence of the organization and the individuals on the promotion decisions. It also involved the types of promotion decisions, such as potential of the individuals, performance level, etc. Later Stumpf and London (1981), found that the promotional decisions should be based on the potential ratings of the employee. The other research states that there are many other informal and formal criteria of evaluation for taking the promotional decisions based on the ability and the seniority (Halaby, 1978; Mills, 1985). Other features like performance, education and demographic char acteristics also matter in this case (Taylor, 1975). The two major inputs considered by most of the organization for taking promotional decisions are potential of the employee and the performance. Still the question remains unanswered, as how can we understand that an employee has potential. The well-designed tool for the measurement of potential can be done at the assessment center. According to the results from a study, bad hiring and poor promotion in organizations are increasing and about 51 percent of the survey respondents in the survey agreed to the fact. Poor promotion decisions include undeserved promotions, favoritism, etc. Among all the reasons that can be stated for poor promotion decisions, favoritism is the most common. In US, about 92 percent agreed that favoritism takes place in almost all large organizations. 75 percent have witnessed this and about 23 percent have practiced this. The surprising element is that about 83 percent executives agreed that favoritism lead s to poor promotion decisions, yet they follow it blindly. The promotion decisions include searching competencies of the employee to fit in to the new job profile and match up to the manager's expectations. However, it is difficult to identify competencies. Managers face the dilemma while selecting the appropriate candidate. If they consider new candidates or even the existing employees, they have to evaluate, assess and monitor their performance and potentials. This is a time taking and laborious method, though the most efficient one. In this scenario poor promotion decision-making creeps in. Ineffective promotion can increase the inefficiency of the organization as well. Poor Promotional decisions can rouse suspicion, and fear among the employees. For example, promotions given to those employees who have good relation with the upper management are often seen in organizations. When such employees are given promotion, they might threaten the managers to complain against them to the members of the top level management. It can also become a major issue for discrimination. After considering the significance of promotional decisions and the general factors that affect the poor promotional decisions in the organization, further study on the issues related to poor promotion decisions would be done in context of Peter Principle. Peter Principles states that the individua

'Cargo' now intends to introduce justintime. Advise Cargo as to the Essay

'Cargo' now intends to introduce justintime. Advise Cargo as to the main problems they are likely to face and examine how they should overcome these problems - Essay Example As the company sells mainly to the Car industry it has to be noted that a change of ownership(especially in a foreign context) will lead to a clash of management and production culture. Some academics have spoken favourably of the incidents of such a takeover as Graham (1988) notes that 'just-in-time' production is an "innovative paradigm for manufacturing control". This production technique is the brainchild of the Japanese management philosophy and Graham (1988) has expressed the view that British and American systems can benefit from this in order to remain internationally competitive. The previous decades have seen a radical modification in the Manufacturing techniques through the interaction and intersection of Western and Japanese techniques. (Graham 1988, Yamashina 1996) It is worth noting that the political atmosphere of the decade of the eighties made the United Kingdom a conducive political environment for the Japanese foreign manufacturers. (Graham 1988, Yamashina 1996).Th is gave them a chance to transfer their highly competitive manufacturing processes and management techniques to the United Kingdom's production culture and a unique permeation of their specialities like Just-in-Time to their production culture.(McDermott 1996). ... Therefore the output is cost reflective and any accumulation of excessively low level production and inventory methods is highly discouraged.(Epps 1995).The system involves the establishment of highly balanced work flows with sophisticated linkages between the production stages.(Epps 1995).The process will involve the reduction of inventory buffers and a heightened emphasis on the economies of scale from wise efficient procedures.(Mc Dermott 1996). Just In Time owes its origins to the development innovations by Toyota Car Company in the mid fifties and later influenced many major western companies/engineering business concerns like General Electric and Rover.(Mc Dermott 1996). Mc Dermott 1996 and Yeung 1997 have stated in reference to Rover that this British Car company had a lot to learn from its Japanese influence as it benefited immensely by reducing the new product development cycle and reduction in and management levels.Also prominent is the introduction of the minimal inventory control (MIC), a just-in-time system as it embraced its Japanese influence in its new slogan- "Prevention not detection: part of Rover's total quality commitment". (Mc Dermott 1996).Therefore the positive western experience has led to the Just In Time systems to be widely used in British Car manufacturing today.Cargo Engineering Company will have to adopt itself to a number of salient features of the Just In Time innovation. At this point we are assuming that the British car company is neither familiar with the Just-in time culture nor has employed any foreign technical staff. However the presence of British labour laws is acknowledged along with an absence of any major technological changes in the past few years. Based on the analysis by Nataraajan &

4G Wireless Networks Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

4G Wireless Networks - Research Paper Example The upload and the download speed of 4G WiMax which stands for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access is 30 mbps and 70 mbps correspondingly. It is worth mentioning that the upload as well as the download speed of 4G WiBro Network is similar to 4G WiMax (Yant, 2012). 2. User Perceptions The perceptions of the users regarding 4G LTE is that it provides significant benefits to the users that include advanced security, enhanced customer address related control as well as customer experiences and high rates of data transmission. According to the users, the service availability of 4G WiMax is quite limited as it does not facilitate the additional users to use and access the connection. In accordance with the perceptions of the users, it has been noted that 4G Wibro Networks possess the imperative facets of high rates of data transmission, superior access of broadband facilities and improved customer experiences (Yant, 2012). 3. Backward Compatibility The backward compatibility of 4G LTE comprises of an LTE terminal that supports the 4G services to work effectively in an LTE-Advanced service network and vice-versa. In this similar context, it has been apparently observed that the 4G WiMax networks are backward compatible particularly with different 3G based technologies that support the individual contributors with effectual business ideas. Conversely, the backward compatibility of 4G WiBro network encompasses WiBro gears that eventually facilitate the users with the offerings of superior as well as faster broadband services along with establishing a highly-sophisticated and saturated broadband market (Yant, 2012). 4. Service...Due to its effectual service availability, 4G LTE is regarded as one of the dynamic solutions for bandwidth-demanding services and latest technological advancements (CISCO, 2011). In relation to determine service availability of 4G WiMax network, it has been viewed that 4G WiMax network possesses limited sort of service availability d ue to the reason that the network does not consider and often cut–off the additional users except the existing ones in using the connection. With regard to determine the service availability of 4G WiBro network, it has been apparently observed that this network possesses the capability to trace out a particular receiver who intends to stir from one specific location to the other with a speed of up to 74 miles per hour. This significant function of 4G WiBro network ultimately makes its service availability much broader as well as stronger in comparison with 4G LTE and 4G WiMax networks by a greater extent (Yant, 2012).

KINGSLEY AMIS'S lUCKY JIM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

KINGSLEY AMIS'S lUCKY JIM - Essay Example Indeed, the book was dedicated to Larkin; who had helped to inspire and to edit it. The genesis and reception of Lucky Jim can be found in The Letters of Kingsley Amis. His correspondence with Larkin traces the book through its earliest incarnations, when it was known Dixon & Christine and then The Man of Feeling. Here he is on March 3, 1953 writing, to Larkin: "I've called it Lucky Jim now, to empahsise the luck theme - epigraph Oh lucky Jim, How I envy him bis. ... I'm afraid you are very much the ideal reader of the thing and chaps like you don't grow on trees." Jim Dixon's experience dramatizes the conflict between the lower-middle-class drive to invade a higher social stratum and the resultant guilt and self-contempt for abandoning one's own class. A lower-middle-class youth who yearns for the economic security academic tenure affords, Jim earns a degree in an area he neither likes nor understands. By luck, he gets a job as a junior lecturer in history at a provincial university. But it is bad luck, for not only does he detest the medieval history he teaches but he despises the cultural pretensions of his colleagues with whom he must curry favor, such as the Welches: the pompous senior professor, his wife, and their "artistic" sons. The irony in all of this is that Jim Dixon doesn't feel at all lucky. He's a junior lecturer at a no-account college in provincial England. His daily life is a litany of hilariously (from our perspective, anyway) petty humiliations at the hands of his superiors-notably the odious, conceited Professor Welch-his students and his co-dependent sort-of-girlfriend Margaret. "One theme of Lucky Jim was getting good things wrong," Amis explained in an interview. "Culture's good, but not the way the Welches did it. Education is good ... but it is self-defeating if it isn't done properly." (Firchow 27) He fails as an academic, but, with another dollop of luck (better this time), he gets a superior job outside the academy and, as a kind of added bonus (or revenge), wins from Bertrand Welch a young woman of superior social class. (Clive 20) Throughout Lucky Jim, Amis is concerned with the restructuring of British society which took place after World War II. Some of the effects were intensively felt in the English education system through efforts to open educational opportunities to more members of the working and middle classes. The growth of the provincial universities and the decline of the influence of the culturally elite led to friction between the old and the new orders. In Lucky Jim, such cultural change leads to conflict between Jim Dixon, a young history instructor, and Professor Welch, his department chair. Jim sees history as a means of planning and preparing for a better future; Welch sees it as a means of romanticizing and sentimentalizing the past. Amis expands this conflict through Jim's interactions with his colleagues and acquaintances. Welch asks Jim to give a lecture titled "Merrie Olde England," a title which symbolizes the nature of the conflict. Welch tests Jim to see if he is willing to perpetuat e a myth, while Jim and his fellow veterans are trying to cope with life, love and a new social order. The conflict between Jim as representative of a new England and Welch as defender of the old one expands to include Welch's family and some of Jim's colleagues. As a weekend house

Hypnotherapy - Understanding of Conscious and Sub Conscious Processing Essay

Hypnotherapy - Understanding of Conscious and Sub Conscious Processing - Essay Example Even though this method is considered unscientific as it leads to abreaction, it has been verified to work on problems or conditions such as managing pain for those with chronic illnesses, depression, anxiety, irritable bowel syndrome, addictions, insomnia, phobias, eating disorders and even weight loss among many others. Since this technique explores the subconscious, care should be taken as to how it is being explored as it can lead to creation of false memories or quick awakening before preparation can cause partial amnesia as some of the memories are temporarily erased. Charles Tebbets was a renowned hypnotherapist and he explained that the subconscious must be known and understood from its functions to its principles in order to understand how hypnotherapy works. According to Tebbets, there are six functions of the subconscious and five principles that convince the subconscious and they will be discussed in detail below. The subconscious is a memory bank. Every action, feelings and experiences an individual has ever undergone through is stored in the subconscious without even the knowledge of the individual. These are the forgotten memories and hence do not come up when the person’s mind is not at ease or conscious. When hypnosis is however employed, the defences to the mind are eliminated and these memories are able to be accessed and they can explain various causes of the problems and conditions in a person’s life. The subconscious controls as well as regulates the functions of the body that are involuntary such as breathing and digestion among others. When an individual is under stress, these involuntary functions are affected through inhibition and they may eventually lead to psychosomatic illnesses. With hypnosis, these involuntary functions are able to be restored as it touches the controlling aspect. Tebbets explains that the subconscious is the seat to our emotions

4G Wireless Networks Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

4G Wireless Networks - Research Paper Example The upload and the download speed of 4G WiMax which stands for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access is 30 mbps and 70 mbps correspondingly. It is worth mentioning that the upload as well as the download speed of 4G WiBro Network is similar to 4G WiMax (Yant, 2012). 2. User Perceptions The perceptions of the users regarding 4G LTE is that it provides significant benefits to the users that include advanced security, enhanced customer address related control as well as customer experiences and high rates of data transmission. According to the users, the service availability of 4G WiMax is quite limited as it does not facilitate the additional users to use and access the connection. In accordance with the perceptions of the users, it has been noted that 4G Wibro Networks possess the imperative facets of high rates of data transmission, superior access of broadband facilities and improved customer experiences (Yant, 2012). 3. Backward Compatibility The backward compatibility of 4G LTE comprises of an LTE terminal that supports the 4G services to work effectively in an LTE-Advanced service network and vice-versa. In this similar context, it has been apparently observed that the 4G WiMax networks are backward compatible particularly with different 3G based technologies that support the individual contributors with effectual business ideas. Conversely, the backward compatibility of 4G WiBro network encompasses WiBro gears that eventually facilitate the users with the offerings of superior as well as faster broadband services along with establishing a highly-sophisticated and saturated broadband market (Yant, 2012). 4. Service...Due to its effectual service availability, 4G LTE is regarded as one of the dynamic solutions for bandwidth-demanding services and latest technological advancements (CISCO, 2011). In relation to determine service availability of 4G WiMax network, it has been viewed that 4G WiMax network possesses limited sort of service availability d ue to the reason that the network does not consider and often cut–off the additional users except the existing ones in using the connection. With regard to determine the service availability of 4G WiBro network, it has been apparently observed that this network possesses the capability to trace out a particular receiver who intends to stir from one specific location to the other with a speed of up to 74 miles per hour. This significant function of 4G WiBro network ultimately makes its service availability much broader as well as stronger in comparison with 4G LTE and 4G WiMax networks by a greater extent (Yant, 2012).

Hypnotherapy - Understanding of Conscious and Sub Conscious Processing Essay

Hypnotherapy - Understanding of Conscious and Sub Conscious Processing - Essay Example Even though this method is considered unscientific as it leads to abreaction, it has been verified to work on problems or conditions such as managing pain for those with chronic illnesses, depression, anxiety, irritable bowel syndrome, addictions, insomnia, phobias, eating disorders and even weight loss among many others. Since this technique explores the subconscious, care should be taken as to how it is being explored as it can lead to creation of false memories or quick awakening before preparation can cause partial amnesia as some of the memories are temporarily erased. Charles Tebbets was a renowned hypnotherapist and he explained that the subconscious must be known and understood from its functions to its principles in order to understand how hypnotherapy works. According to Tebbets, there are six functions of the subconscious and five principles that convince the subconscious and they will be discussed in detail below. The subconscious is a memory bank. Every action, feelings and experiences an individual has ever undergone through is stored in the subconscious without even the knowledge of the individual. These are the forgotten memories and hence do not come up when the person’s mind is not at ease or conscious. When hypnosis is however employed, the defences to the mind are eliminated and these memories are able to be accessed and they can explain various causes of the problems and conditions in a person’s life. The subconscious controls as well as regulates the functions of the body that are involuntary such as breathing and digestion among others. When an individual is under stress, these involuntary functions are affected through inhibition and they may eventually lead to psychosomatic illnesses. With hypnosis, these involuntary functions are able to be restored as it touches the controlling aspect. Tebbets explains that the subconscious is the seat to our emotions

Grammar and Irrelevant Material Detracts Essay Example for Free

Grammar and Irrelevant Material Detracts Essay 1. Writing too much. Some students think the suggested page limits are just a general guideline, and its a good idea to go over them. Usually it isnt. While a professor may not mind a paper thats slightly above the limit, especially if the content is good, students who go on and on show a lack of discipline and focus that usually dooms their work. [Read 10 Secrets to College Success.] 2. Writing too little. Its common for professors to encounter papers that trail off well short of the minimum page limit. This is often a sign that the student just doesnt know enough about the topic, hasnt put enough thought into what he or she is going to say, or merely gestures at key points rather than explaining them in detail. If you find your paper is coming up short, do more working. 3. Not answering the question. Some students view the paper assignment as a chance to free-associate. They consider the question or task assigned by the professor as more of a suggestion (or prompt) of something to talk about, rather than a focused request for discussion of a specific issue. Professors, especially ones who have spent hours writing up the assignment, dont view this kindly. In our experience, students lose more points from not answering the question than for making errors in what they write. 4. Including irrelevant material. Its a continual mystery to professors why some students feel compelled to include material that clearly isnt relevant to the paper. From time to time, we even see a confession that these items arent really relevant, but they seemed so important that I somehow had to get them in. Resist the urge to throw extraneous material into your paper. Writing a good paper is a matter of judgment ­Ã¢â‚¬â€about what to take out as well as what to put in—and irrelevant material detracts from the overall quality of your paper. 5. Lacking a thesis. All college papers should have a thesis—that is, an overarching idea or point—clearly set out at the beginning, around which the paper centers. It neednt be something complex or obscure, just a statement of the main point: the one-sentence answer you would give to the question, if you had to answer in just one sentence. Funny how its hard to write when you havent figured out in your own mind what your single main point will be. (Again, judgment plays a key role here.) 6. Not having a direction of argument. College papers need to have an order of presentation: a carefully thought-out logic in which each point follows the previous one with some reason. This creates a feeling in the reader that the paper is proceeding in an orderly fashion toward some goal. Its frustrating for a professor to read a paper in which he or she has no idea why some point is being made now, and not even a clue about what point might come next. No reader likes the feeling of stumbling around in the dark. 7. Including sentences that do no work. All the sentences in your paper should make some definite contribution to developing and proving your thesis. Sentences that do something, that have some muscle, play a real role in advancing your main argument. Sentences like: The Civil War was an important event in American history or In this paper I will be discussing a number of issues relating to the Civil War should be eliminated without hesitation. 8. Not writing in paragraphs (or writing in one-sentence paragraphs). Paragraphs are the building blocks of any paper and its critical to construct a paper using paragraphs of about four to five sentences each. Who wants a single, ginormous building block? And college papers arent like some newspaper articles in which each paragraph is just one sentence. Youre expecting to develop a (small) thought, even within a paragraph, and no one can do that in one sentence. 9. Making errors in spelling and grammar. College professors dont always consciously take off for spelling and grammatical errors, but its hard to give an A to a paper that shows great carelessness in preparation. Were in the age of automated spelling and grammar check. Surely you can recognize those red and green squiggles on your screen and fix them. (And while youre at it, proofread your paper the old-fashioned way: with your eyes. No spell checker will catch those annoying wrong words or homonyms.)

Impact of foreign institutional investors on Indian stock market

Impact of foreign institutional investors on Indian stock market CHAPTER 1 Generalities of Study Introduction In the initial period the economic growth of all the countries were started by government planning and action by developing the agricultural, manufacturing and the infrastructure facilities of the country. Though these facilities were adequate for the economy but it didnt boost the domestic growth of the country as it did not lead to much saving or any further investment. Since these domestic savings were inadequate, countries had to depend on the loans from different countries for the development of their country through different public organisations. This led to growth of economies by increased foreign investments which came in the form of overseas loans. Foreign capital plays a significant role in the development of any economy. It fills the gap between domestic savings and its required investment for growth. But this investment limited the scope of growth as loans were not easily available. So countries induced foreign investments by allowing them to invest in the companies list ed on stock markets to a major extent. This led to development of stock markets. Stock Markets initially were just a way for people to invest their money into different companies and they were not that big. But as of today they have become an important part in the growth process of any country. Due to development of stock markets, economies are getting globalised and world is getting smaller. Hence the significance of stock markets has grown above leaps and bounds. As of today the Gross Domestic Production of a country largely depends on stock markets. As a result each country is trying to enhance its stock markets in order to attract foreign investments and to boost the growth process of their own country. The best decision of the century has been the financial liberalisation of the equity markets all over the world which gave opportunity for foreign investors to invest in domestic markets especially of the emerging economies. According to Lalitha, S (1992), the main reason for opening stock market for FIIs was to attract foreign investments and stop country from raising more debts. According to Cerny (2004), the behaviour of stock market is affected by the globalisation of the world economy. The Foreign Investors are eyeing these days on the Asian markets specially India due to many obvious reasons. First of all growth potential in Asian Markets is higher, secondly its cheaper in countries like India to invest as the costs are low, thirdly there is a higher investor base and fourthly mostly the Asian economies are developing and hence the Governments are welcoming to Foreign investors as they play a major role in boosting the growth of the country. Now the question that arises is who are Foreign Institutional Investors? According to SEBI, FII means an entity which is established or incorporated outside India and which proposes to make investments in India. According to Sehgal and Tripathi (2009) FIIs are speculators instead of investors as they tend to invest in stock for short term and after attaining short term gains they tend to move away to different company and this might lead to volatility in stock prices and may lead to financial crisis. FIIs investments in stock market increases volatility in market due to excessive liquidity but it also leads improvement in value of stocks. According to Choe et al., (1999) Froot et al., (2001) Griffins et al., (2002), Foreign Investors run after returns from stocks, in a way they will buy shares in those companies whose returns they expect to be high. According to Syste et al. (2003), Foreign Investors invest in large liquid companies which enable them to exit quickly at lower cost. Another research by Prasana (2008) Foreign Institutional Investors have been eyeing on Indian Markets because of the positive fundamentals of the economy and potential to grow fast. Since foreign investors are freely available and are unpredictable, therefore FIIs are always on look out for profit. FIIs move their investments regularly and because of these swings there is a tendency to be fluctuations in prices and hence increased volatility in the market. Another study by Clark and Berko (1997) finds that stock prices rises due to increase in capital flows by foreign institutional investors but they could not conclude that the rise in pri ces are for short term or for long term. Another finding which indicates positivity of presence of FIIs was produced by Banaji (2000). According to him, due to presence of FIIs in Indian market there has been improved transparency in the procedures, automation and regulations regarding disclosure and reporting standards were initiated. So it becomes the necessity to study the Impact Foreign Institutional Investors have on Indian Stock Market. Background of Indian Economy India was ruled for nearly 200 years by British rule and in 1947 it gained its independence.( http://www.iloveindia.com/history/modern-history/british-india.html) So the growth of India has come in the last 60 years in which Indian economy has been thriving to set its foothold in the world. Under the British rule India was mainly dependent on its agricultural production and few basic industries were in existence as in textile industry which was basically for the benefit of the British colony to support them in their trade for European goods by exporting Indian basic agricultural goods and textile manufactures. After Independence, India carried on with its policy of attaining self sufficiency and closed the doors for the foreign investors. But this policy of government limited the growth of economy. So in order to finance the needs to economy of providing basic necessities to its citizens and for getting over with the burden of loans as the foreign reserves were at their all time low, Government of India took support from World Bank and International Monetary Fund to get the country on to revival path. These organisations agreed to help Indian economy on the condition that they will allow foreign investors to enter India. So basically a reform process was initiated in India after balance of payment crisis of 1991 which was recommended by M. Narsimham, chairman of committee of financial system. This became starting point of deregulation of financial sector and development of various sectors of financial markets. This resulted in significant changes in Indian market from dull to highly buoyant stock market. As a result Indian markets were opened to foreign institutional investors in September 1992 and this event led to effective globalising of the financial services and since then the Foreign Institutional Investments have been rising positively year on year. These investments helped India in developing infrastructural facilities which were necessary for the growth of the country. These investments were led due to increasing confidence in Indian stock markets which were based on strong macro-economic fundamentals of the economy, abolition of long term capital gain tax, improved performance of Indian com panies and transparency in the regulatory system. The opening up of markets for foreign investors had its own pros and cons. Pros of financial liberalisation are that firstly stock markets had to improve its trading mechanism and match up to world standards and secondly with the presence of foreign investors, information system saw a drastic change. Con of financial liberalisation was that it brought destabilisation in the economy and increased more volatility in stock movements. But overall it increased confidence of foreign investors in Indian stock market. The last two decades has led to growing participation of Institutional Investors which includes not only the foreign Institutional investments but also investments by domestic institutional investors. Indian economy has been an attractive avenue for foreign investors as nearly 16% of the world population lives in India and also India has joined the elite club of 12 countries to cross trillion dollar economy. Other countries which have in past breached this trillion dollar economy mark in the past includes countries like U.S, Japan, Germany, China, France, U.K, Italy, Spain, Canada, Brazil and Russia. Besides this countrys stock Market capitalisation has also risen to $944 billion which is close to trillion dollar level. As per Credit Suisse Report, stock markets have risen in eight out of ten countries after reaching this mark. Foreign Institutions have played a major role in Foreign Investments in India which resulted in changing the face of Indian Stock Market. According to M Puri, ICICI Securities Chief, ( 2009) India has been looked upon as the safest destination for foreign investors. Foreign Institutional Investors are the companies which are registered outside India. They are registered with Securities and Exchange Board of India and they are guided by SEBI in participating in stock market through limits placed by it. The major source of their investment in Indian Stock market is through Participatory notes which are almost 50% of the money invested in markets. The disadvantage of participatory notes is that the investor is anonymous and hence it could be an investment by any organisation including terrorist organisations. Foreign Institutional Investors have invested more than $41trillion of funds in India in the past four years which resulted in bull market witnessing unprecedented growth with BSE Sensex rising in absolute terms. India has witnessed over a decade of FIIs portfolio flows and these flows have gained significance and have played a key role in the overall Indian Economy. The impact of foreign investments in India is significant. The increasing role of Institutional investors led to both qualitative and quantitative developments in Indian Stock Markets. The Foreign institutional investors has also impacted the domestic investors to a large extent in the sense that if FIIs sell the stocks then there is a situation of panic created among the domestic investors and they tend to sell as well. Hence there is a need to study its impact on Indian companies and economy in general taking into consideration all the factors affecting movement of stocks on Indian Stock Market. Significance of Study Indian economy is growing at a very fast pace. Most of the FIIs are investing in India due to its significant growth. These FIIs though they are investing in the country, they not only invest for profit they also are affecting the movement of stocks in stock markets. Hence they are impacting the stock market in a large way which is an important perimeter of the Indian economy as it contributes to the growth process of Indian Economy. So it is significant to study the impact of Foreign Institutional Investments on Indian Stock Market. Objectives of Study The main objectives of study are: To analyse the impact of FIIs investments on the shareholding pattern of Stock exchange companies. To find way to reduce risk associated with investing in stock market and to know when to exit. To look for investment opportunities CHAPTER 2 Review of Literature and Studies Determinants of FIIs Foreign Institutional Investors play a major role in the economic growth of India. Their impact is significant even though their market capitalisation is not much and is improving year on year. Several attempts have been made to understand the impact FIIs have on Indian Stock markets. According to Aggarwal 1997, Chakrabarti 2001 and Trivedi and Nair 2003(cited in Rai and Bhanumurthy) equity returns have positive impact on FIIs. But Gordon and Gupta,2003 ( as citied in Rai and Bhanumurthy) contradict by saying that foreign investors are here for earning profits, they invest in a company and make the price go up as other investors follow and then book their profits and leave. So it can be said that there is a bidirectional relationship between FIIs and equity return. After the bursting of infotech bubble in 1998 and Asian crisis, Chakrabarti (2001) analysed and found a shift in regime in the determinants of FIIs. He analysed that before the Asian crisis, any change in investment pattern by FIIs had a positive impact on equity returns but after Asian Crisis he found that if there is a change in equity return then the behaviour of FIIs change. But Trivedi and Nair (2003) are of a different view point, they feel that any investments made depend a lot on the risk associated with it. They further divide realised risk into two factors, ex-ante and unexpected risk. According to them, ex-ante risk is negatively related to FIIs whereas the relation of FII with unexpected risk is not certain. This is because uncertain activities can bring unimaginable loss or gain depending on the situation. Take for example U.S subprime crisis. Those crises were unexpected and they led to unexpected movement in stock markets and FIIs activity. Studies in the past have concluded that the return in source country and inflation in that country doesnt exert pressure on FII. But this theory has been contradicted by the recent subprime recession in US which led to most of FIIs withdrawing their investments in order to cope up with crisis in their own country. Hence if stock markets of foreign investors home country are doing well and there is stability in their economy then it leads to a positive impact on the investments by FIIs. According to Aggarwal 1997 (as cited in Rai and Bhanumurthy 2004) world stock market capitalisation has a positive impact on growth of FIIs in India. According to literature survey shows that most of the existing studies do not reflect the effect of stock volatility and also they do not account for realised risks in foreign and domestic markets. Another observation by Ahmadjian and Robbins (2005) after analysing firms in Japanese economy showed that foreign investors are more inclined towards profit making than going in for long term ownership. They tend to make money and move away towards other company. Investment Preferences of FIIs According to Douma, Pallathiatta and Kabir (2006) there is a positive impact of foreign ownership on firm performance and especially on the emerging economies. They also found the impact on business group affiliations of FIIs But FIIs dont invest in any firm, they invest in those firms which have good corporate governance as the firms with poor corporate governance are least protective about the investors and instead they are concerned about their own interest only, this was observed by Aggarwal, Klapper and Wysocki (2005). According to them companies which are controlled by block of shareholders they find it difficult to find external investors as they are derived by private benefits and may manipulate things accordingly. This was already concluded by Cho and Padmanabhan 2001 (as cited in Prasana 2008) that block shareholders influence firm performance. They also said that corporate governance of listed companies play an important role in attracting foreign investments. They also cl arified that block shareholders mean basically businesses run by family groups and distinguished them from times when government acts as block shareholders; they act quiet differently from private investors. Bhanumurthy and Rai (2003) made an attempt to examine the determinants of FIIs by using the monthly data from January 1994- November 2002 by analyzing the effect of return, risk and inflation in domestic and foreign economy. They firstly calculate the domestic and foreign returns from daily returns on BSE Sensex and SP 500. After the analyses they find out that FIIs inflow depend on stock market returns, inflation rate and Ex-ante risk. According to Yin-Hua and Woidtke 2005 (cited in Prasana 2008) investors protection is weak when company board is dominated by members of controlling family and it gets difficult to separate the ownership from management then firm value is inversely related to family ownership firms. Their view was supported by Choe, Kho, Stulz (2005) who analysed US investors and concluded that they hold fewer shares in companies where ownership structure is more conducive to insiders. Another observation by LI (2005) was that if there was poor corporate governance then foreign investors tend to prefer other route of Foreign Direct Investment instead as Foreign Institutional Investors. Going further in accessing the information on firm ownership, Leuz, Nanda and Wyoscki (2003) assessed the firm level characteristics and found family control increases insider trading which gives less benefit to foreign investors. They were supported by Haw, Hu, Hwang and Wu (2004) who concluded that firm level charact eristics cause information asymmetry problems for FIIs. In order to analyse the investment preferences of FIIs, Dahlquist et al (2003) analysed the foreign ownership and firm characteristics of Swedish Stock Market and they concluded that FIIs prefer firms which are large, pay low dividends and have a huge cash holdings. Whereas Covirg et al (2007) were of the view that foreign managers have comparatively less information than domestic managers and hence they concern FIIs preference to be based on size of sales and stocks which are listed on foreign soil. According to Li and Jeong-Bon 2004 (as cited in Prasana 2008), FIIs are in a better position to analyse the public information and hence they tend to avoid stocks with high cross-corporate holdings whereas according to Morin 2000 (as cited in Prasana 2008) as they analysed the French model of shareholding and management of FII pattern concluded that France has undergone a rapid change and has gone away with the traditional system of FII holding and facilitated with new techniques which demands corporate management. Stock Market Volatility Research by Forbes and Rigobon (2002), Bekaert, Harvey and Lumsdaine (2002a,b) , Edwards (2000) and others focussed on stock market volatility concentrating on moving of volatilities among different economies and also of the financial crisis which happened thereafter. Bakaert and Harvey 2000 (as cited in Batra 2004) analysed equity returns of a group of emerging markets before and after financial reforms. According to Aggarwal, Inclan and Leal 1999 (as cited in Batra 2004) local events and happenings make the stock markets to turn volatile in emerging economies. In order to draw this conclusion they analysed emerging stock markets for volatility for period of 1985-95 and by using ICSS algorithm they identified points of sudden change when some event occurred or when there was large movement in stock market volatility. They calculated the variance at each point. According to De Santis and Imrohoroglu 1997 (cited in Ranjan Kumar Dash and Sumanjeet Singh) studied the behaviour of volati lity in emerging markets and the effect of liberalisation on financial markets and concluded that volatility decreased after liberalisation. Their study was contradicted by Singh (1993), Grabel (1995), Levine and Zervous (1998), Kamminsky and Schmickler (2001 and 2003), Nission (2002) and Edwards et al. 2003 (cited in Ranjan Kumar Dash and Sumanjeet Singh) by saying that financial liberalisation increases stock market volatility. In Indian context, Samal 1997 and Pal 1998 (cited in Ranjan Kumar Dash and Sumanjeet Singh) found that FIIs investment is the major source of volatility whereas stock market volatility was lower in liberalized economy. This view was supported by Richards 1996 who took three different methodologies and two different sets of data to calculate the volatility in emerging markets and came with the conclusion that there was no empirical evidence which supports that liberalization of economy increases volatility in stock markets. Hamao and Mei 2001(as cited in Batra 2004) examined Japanese market at a time when foreign portfolio investments in Japan were small and found no proper evidence to prove that foreign investments tend to increase volatility more than increase in volatility due to domestic investors. Folkerts Landau and Ito 1995 (as cited in Batra 2004) computed market volatility in emerging economies at different periods in which there was a difference in flow of portfolio and found in case of Mexico that stock prices were less volatile when Foreign flows were more volatile and vice versa for Hong Kong. According to Nilsson (2002) by using Markov regime switching model in Nordic Stock markets, liberalisation in stock markets leads to increase in volatility. Nilsson also evidenced that higher volatility and higher expected returns have strong links with international stock markets. Considerable attention has been paid these days to stock market volatility and especially after global recession. Stock Markets had been highly volatile in emerging markets like India and its study becomes important. Investment strategies of FIIs There has been a considerable amount of research done on the investment strategies of FIIs which show the Positive feedback and herding strategies being followed by FIIs. Research done by Lakonishok, Shleifer and Vishny (LSV) 1992(cited in Sehgal and Tripathi 2009) looked at the investment behaviour of 769 US tax exempt equity funds managed by 341 money managers for the period of 1985 to 1989. They concluded that there was no herding by money managers but it was prevailing in the behaviour of stock prices of small companies than in large companies. The reason given by LSV is that information on large stocks is easily available whereas small companies do not provide much information to public, so money managers look at the investments by other big investors into small stock and follow them. According to LSV, it is difficult to find the effect of herding as at times a small amount of herding can bring significant movement in stock prices. An argument was put forward by Dornbusch and P ark (1995) that foreign investors follow positive feedback strategy which leads to stock unusual movement in stock prices. Wermers 1998 (cited in Sehgal and Tripathi 2009) used LSV measures to check the presence of herding among mutual funds. He took the quarterly data of mutual funds from 1975 till 1994 and concluded that mutual funds showed existence of herding. He also analysed stocks and concluded that herding among those stocks tend to be higher which had reported higher amounts stock returns in the previous quarter. He concluded that investors buy those stocks which had good returns in the previous quarter and sell those stocks which had poor quarterly results. After computing average level of herding by Wermers model it was concluded that herding is more in mutual funds than in stocks. But after analysis of trading behaviour of large pool of mutual funds it was found that the herding behaviour in fact reduces in mutual funds and it was justified as large pool of mutual funds carry stock which have large amount of capitalisation and companies with large capitalisation tend not to do any herding. A nother analysis by Bonser- Neal et al 2002 (cited in Sehgal and Tripathi 2009) analysed the foreign trading behaviour on Jakarta Stock exchange between 1995 and 2000 and found positive feedback trading and herding by foreign investors but they didnt find any evidence indicating destabilising of markets due to foreign investors during Asian crisis. Richards 2002 (cited in Sehgal and Tripathi 2009) used data pertaining to net purchases by foreign investors in six Asian emerging markets over 1999-2001 and found an evidence of positive feedback trading. According to Kim and Wei (2002) foreign investors who live outside Korea are more likely to indulge in positive feedback trading and herding strategies as compared to their branches and subsidiaries who are living in Korea or any foreign national staying in Korea. According to them this difference in trading behaviour arises due to different kind of processing of information by those living outside Korea than those living inside. CHAPTER 3 Data and Methodology Research Methodology and Design According to Collis and Hussey (2003), Methodology refers to overall approach to research process which includes underpinning of theory, collection of data and analysing it. However the research process adopted depends to a great extent on the approach taken by the researcher. Research design is the general plan of how to go about answering the research question. It gives the logic behind every interpretation. Due to nature of research carried out the prime focus has been on gathering the secondary data which is relevant to analysis being carried out. According to Collis and Hussey (2003), there are two main paradigms of research that is qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative research is followed by those people who have phenomenological bent as it deals with understanding the behaviour of human beings. Therefore it is also known as Phenomenological Paradigm. On the other hand Quantitative research refers to those who relate to positive view of the world and therefore this kind of research is also called as Positivistic Paradigm. Positivistic paradigm is used basically in natural sciences as this approach gathers facts with subjectivity of the nature of research and individual bias. For the purpose of research both qualitative and quantitative data will form part. Qualitative Data: this data has been collected by: Studying into the certain days on which markets fluctuated in upside or downside direction to a great extent Studying the changes in regulations by the Securities and Exchange Board of India in relation to foreign institutional investors. Studying the behavior of domestic investors and other factors affecting the market. Studying the basis on which the foreign institutional investors entered Indian Stock Market and there enter and exit strategy and its impact on Indian economy. Quantitative Data: this data has been collected by: Studying the market capitalization of foreign institutional investors and their cumulative effect on stock market Looking in the growth of number of institutional investors and the share of their investments year on year. The research onion below in the diagram gives an overview, how to achieve the objectives by using the techniques in each layer of the onion. In order to carry on with the research each onion of the Research Onion has been peeled systematically so as to get in the right direction. The philosophy adopted for the purpose of research is Positivism philosophy as research has been undertaken mostly from the data already published in journals, articles, previous researches etc. Approach taken by the researcher is mainly inductive as maximum data is qualitative and it has been of utmost importance to cover every aspect of research. Researcher has taken the case study strategy to analyse the data. The Researcher has used Mixed Method research choice in the sense the data collected comprises of both qualitative and quantitative data. The time horizon for research has been longitudinal as this research has been carried on after observing the behaviour of stock markets over a long period of time and on happening of any event. While carrying out the research it has been kept in mind that the research objectives and the characteristics of the information collected match. In order to analyse the Impact of FIIs on Indian Stock market, a thorough research has been done from different sources which includes RBI and SEBI publications, newspaper articles, journals, previous research done on the topic and also from internet. For the purpose of our research study we are looking into the data till financial year 2008-09. Limitations of Study: This study has been taken during the time when impact of recession has not been fully analysed and its exact nature and impact on the movement of stock markets and Financial Institutional Investors cannot be justified as it is a global recession. So research may miss out some of the implications of recession and may not correlate to impact which FIIs may have during the normal market conditions. Data has been collected mostly through online source. It was not possible to conduct personnel interviews with top brokers in India due to distance barriers. Hence the findings and analysis has been derived on the basis of data available online. Summary of Research: The majority of this research is conducted by making use of secondary sources of data which includes journals, articles, books, magazines, newspapers, Internet and other electronic sources. The research in this area has already been conducted but the purpose of this research is to generate new ideas and to gain further understanding into the subject by looking into each and every detail of it. This research is conducted at the time of recession, the condition which was not prevalent earlier, so it is expected to bring new concepts and theories into existent and it will also over rule some of the studies that have already been conducted. CHAPTER 4 Analysis of Indian Stock Market Overview of Indian Stock Market Stock markets were first introduced to India in 1875 as a non profit making organisation. Bombay Stock exchange is the oldest stock market in whole Asia. Stocks in India are traded on the stock exchanges which are around 23 which includes Bombay Stock Exchange and National Stock Exchange. Stock exchange is a corporation which provides its brokers to trade stocks of companies which are listed with them. The organisation of Stock Exchange, its systems and practices are regulated by Securities Contract, (Regulation) Act (SC(R) ACT), 1956.They are highly efficient organisations which have led to growth of securities market. Stock exchanges trade securities which include shares, unit trust, pooled investments and also bonds which are listed on them. Members of the stock exchange act as its agents as they are only allowed to trade on behalf of their customers who pay brokerage to them for the services provided by them. Stock exchanges also provide plenty of services as in issuing and redee ming shares and also in payment of dividends to its shareholders through its participants or members. Stock exchanges are important even though it is not necessary to issue shares via stock exchange. Shares are normally issued through Initial Public Offering (IPO). Stock exchanges play a major role in the economy as of today as they help with expansion plans of the country by mobilising the savings to investments and also by redistributing wealth among the economy. Stock exchanges maintains the records of all the shareholders at one central location but shares that are traded on stock exchange they are not dependent on that central location as the computerisation has made it easier to trade stocks. All stock exchanges have become an important part of world market for securities as global investors can invest in any market from anywhere. Importance of Stock Markets in India: Stock markets play an important role in the economy as they are now the financial indicators of growth in any country. They represent the crux of functioning of all the sectors of country. NSE NIFTY comprises of 50 top Indian companies from each sector and BSE SENSEX comprises of 30 companies from all the sectors. The following points describe the role stock markets play in India: Improving Corporate Governance: Since Stock markets are regulated by SEBI, companies are bound to follow the rules and regulations in order to have a good market value of their stocks on stock markets. This is possible only if they keep their shareholders satisfied. So they